|
| Study |
Main results: OR and 95% CI
(unless otherwise specified) |
Additional notes |
|
| Studies of electric appliance |
|
| (Preston-Martin et al., 1988)
|
| Electric blanket use: |
| Ever vs. never used: |
| AML |
0.9 (0.5-1.6) |
| CML |
0.8 (0.4-1.6) |
|
Many potential risk factors analyzed
Information on electric blanket use included after the fact in questionnaire of on-going case-control studies
Information on response rate in controls not given |
| (Lovely et al., 1994) |
| Ever vs. never use |
| Any appliance |
0.71 (0.41-1.2) |
| Razors |
1.3 (0.80-2.2) |
| Hair dryers |
0.38 (0.22-0.66) |
| Massage units |
3.0 (1.4-6.3) |
|
Majority of cases deceased - most of data from proxy respondents
Small numbers of subjects |
|
| Study using wiring configuration |
|
| (Severson et al., 1988) |
| Residence where lived longest |
|
| OLCC |
0.60 (0.29-1.2) |
| OHCC |
0.77 (0.35-1.7) |
| VHCC |
0.79 (0.22-2.9) |
| Reference: end pole |
|
|
Refusal rate for measurements much higher among controls (27%) than cases (4.9%)
One-time measurements made in a limited number of houses (56%) since many subjects had moved recently |
|
| Studies using calculated magnetic fields |
|
| (Severson et al., 1988) |
| Magnetic fields |
|
| (Reference: 0-0.05 µT) |
|
| Residence where lived longest |
|
| 0.051-0.199 µT |
0.69 (0.37-1.3) |
| >0.2 mT |
0.75 (0.31-1.8) |
|
Refusal rate for measurements much higher among controls (27%) than cases (4.9%)
One-time measurements made in a limited number of houses (56%) since many subjects had moved recently |
| (Feychting & Ahlbom, 1994) |
| Magnetic fields closest to diagnosis |
| (Reference <0.09 µT) - Matched analyses |
| All leukemia |
0.1-0.19 µT |
1.0 (0.5-1.8) |
|
>0.20 µT |
1.1 (0.6-1.8) |
| AML |
0.1-0.19 µT |
1.5 (0.4-5.3) |
|
>0.20 µT |
2.2 (0.7-6.8) |
| CML |
0.1-0.19 µT |
1.3 (0.3-5.1) |
|
>0.20 µT |
3.2 (0.9-11) |
| CLL |
0.1-0.19 µT |
0.9 (0.4-2.2) |
|
>0.2 µT |
0.6 (0.3-1.6) |
| Cumulative exposure over 15 years |
| (Reference < 0.99 µT -years) - Matched analyses |
| All leukemia |
1.0-1.99 µT -year |
1.1 (0.6-2.2) |
|
>2.0 µT -year |
1.4 (0.8-2.3) |
| AML |
1.0-1.99 µT -year |
1.7 (0.4-6.6) |
|
>2.0 µT -year |
3.5 (1.0-12) |
| CML |
1.0-1.99 µT -year |
2.1 (0.3-15) |
|
>2.0 µT -year |
1.6 (0.6-4.8) |
| CLL |
1.0-199 µT -year |
1.0 (0.4-2.6) |
|
>2.0 µT -year |
1.0 (0.4-2.2) |
|
Same as above |
| (Feychting et al., 1997) |
| Magnetic fields closest to diagnosis |
| Subjects with only residential exposure (i.e. with occupational exposure < 0.13µT) |
| (Reference < 0.2 µT) - Unmatched analyses |
| All leukemia |
> 0.2 µT |
0.9 (0.4-1.8) |
| AML |
> 0.2 µT |
1.3 (0.4-5.0) |
| CML |
> 0.2 µT |
0.5 (0.1-3.9) |
| CLL |
> 0.2 µT |
0.8 (0.3-2.3) |
|
Same as above |
| (Verkasalo, 1996) |
| Magnetic fields - highest annual average exposure |
| (Reference < 0.1 mT) |
| All leukemia (No. of exposed cases) |
| 0.10 - 0.19 µT (ND) |
1.1 (0.60-2.0) |
| 0.20 - 0.29 µT (ND) |
1.2 (0.40-3.3) |
| >0.30 µT (ND) |
0.53 (0.16-1.7) |
| CLL |
| 0.10 - 0.19 µT (5) |
1.0 (0.37-2.5) |
| 0.20 - 0.29 µT (1) |
1.4 (0.16-11) |
| >0.30 µT (2) |
0.87 (0.20-3.8) |
| Magnetic fields - cumulative exposure |
(Reference < 0.40 µT-years)
CLL |
| 0.40 - 0.99 µT-years (8) |
0.98 (0.45-2.2) |
| 1.00 - 1.99 µT -years (3) |
1.3 (0.37-4.4) |
| >2.00 µT -years (3) |
1.7 (0.48-5.8) |
Cumulative exposure
CLL |
| > 0.20 µT -years vs. < 0.20 µT -years |
< 5 years before
diagnosis (12) |
0.93 (0.48-1.8) |
| 5 - 9 years (11) |
1.5 (0.72-3.1) |
| 10 years (9) |
2.8 (1.1-7.4) |
| > 0.40 µT -years vs. < 0.40 |
| < 5 years (5) |
0.84 (0.32-2.2) |
| 5 - 9 years (5) |
1.4 (0.52-4.0) |
| > 10 years (6) |
4.6 (1.4-15) |
Duration of exposure to magnetic fields
(Reference < 3 years) |
| 3 - 5 years (1) |
0.54 (0.90-3.0) |
| 6 - 8 years (1) |
0.55 (0.10-3.0) |
| 9 - 11 years (1) |
0.81 (0.15-4.5) |
| > 12 years (3) |
4.8 (1.5-15) |
|
Cohort study, SIRs
No information on other sources of residential EMF exposure
No direct information from study subjects
Cumulative exposure not treated as time dependent variable in the analyses |
| (Li et al., 1997) |
Magnetic field exposure in year of diagnosis
(Reference < 0.1 µT) |
| 0.1-0.2 µT |
1.3 (0.8-1.9) |
| > 0.2 µT |
1.4 (1.0-1.9) |
|
Limited information on confounders because of restrictions on interview |
|
| Studies using direct residential measurements |
|
| (Severson et al., 1988) |
Mean exposure from one time measurements
(Reference: 0-0.05 µT) |
Low-power configuration
0.05-0.199 µT |
1.2 (0.52-2.6) |
| > 0.2 µT |
1.5 (0.48-4.7) |
High-power configuration
0.05-0.199 µT |
0.55 (0.25-1.2) |
| > 0.2 µT |
1.6 (0.49-5.0) |
| Weighted mean exposure (vs. 0-0.5 mT) |
Low-power configuration
0.05-0.199 µT |
1.2 (0.54-2.5) |
| > 0.2 µT |
1.0 (0.33-3.2) |
High-power configuration
0.05-0.199 µT |
0.91 (0.42-2.0) |
| > 0.2 µT |
1.3 (0.35-4.5) |
|
Refusal rate for measurements much higher among controls (27%) than cases (4.9%)
One-time measurements made in a limited number of houses (56%) since many subjects had moved recently |
| (Feychting & Ahlbom, 1994) |
| Spot measurements |
(Reference <0.09 µT) - Matched analyses
All leukemia |
| 0.10-0.19 µT |
1.1 (0.7-1.9) |
| > 0.20 µT |
1.2 (0.8-1.9) |
AML
0.10-0.19 µT |
0.9 (0.3-2.3) |
| > 0.20 µT |
1.1 (0.4-2.4) |
CML
0.10-0.19 µT |
0.6 (0.1-1.8) |
| > 0.20 µT |
1.5 (0.7-3.2) |
CLL
0.10-0.19 µT |
1.3 (0.7-2.6) |
| > 0.20 µT |
0.9 (0.5-1.8) |
|
Matched and unmatched analyses, adjusted or not for age and SES were carried out
No information on other sources of residential EMF exposure |
|
AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; OLCC, ordinary low current configuration; OHCC, ordinary
high current configuration; VHCC, very high current configuration; SES, socioeconomic status; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
ND, not determined; SIR, standardized incidence ratio