type of study, country |
classification |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
of cases |
(95% CI) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Spitz & Johnson, 1985); case-control study,Texas (USA) | 157 children who died of neuroblastoma (1964-78) identified from Texas State death certificate records matched with 314 controls randomly selected from birth records. |
|
OR, narrow definition limited to electricians, electric and electronics workers, linemen, utility workers, and welders | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Nasca et al., 1988); case-control, New York State (USA) |
338 cases of primary CNS tumors obtained from tumor registries. Two controls per patient selected from birth certificates (676 controls total). Parental occupation from phone interview. |
|
OR, controlled for gender, race and year of birth. Controls with ionizing radiation exposures excluded. Diagnosis confirmed by histologic examination of pathology slides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Johnson & Spitz, 1989); case-control, Texas (USA) |
499 cases of intracranial and spinal-cord tumors obtained from death certificates. Birth certificates provided parent's occupation plus 2 controls per case (998 controls total) |
|
OR, controlled for gender, age, and year of birth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Bunin et al., 1990); case-control, Philadelphia, PA (USA) |
181 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma identified in tumor registries. Single control per case identified through random-digit dialing. Parents of cases and controls interviewed by phone to obtain occupational history for each parent |
|
OR, controlled for race, birth year, and telephone exchange | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Wilkins & Hundley, 1990); case-control, Columbus, OH (USA) |
101 cases of neuroblastoma identified through the Children's Hospital Tumor Registry. Four controls per cases selected from State birth certificate roster. Paternal occupation and industry obtained from birth certificates. |
|
OR, controlled for year of birth, race, gender, and mother's county at time of birth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Wilkins & Wellage, 1996); case-control, Columbus, OH (USA) |
94 cases of CNS tumors identified through hospital tumor registry. 166 cancer-free controls identified by random-digit dialing. Fathers interviewed to obtain occupation before conception, during pregnancy, and from birth to diagnosis. |
|
OR, controlled for year of birth, race, and gender. Jobs involving welding are defined more liberally than the standardized occupational categories. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Tornqvist, 1998); retrospective and prospective cohort studies, Sweden |
Retrospective study:Fathers who had electrical occupations in the power industry selected from census over a 25-year span. Children identified from Medical Birth Registry, and cancers from the national tumor registry. Prospective study:Cohort of first-employed power industry workers had health outcomes followed over 10 years. |
|
[Risks were calculated by Working Group from observed and expected cancers (all types) reported in the paper. Expected CNS cancers estimated from US rates For RR, the exposed are fathers who held electric jobs in the year before the birth of the child with cancer, and the unexposed were electric workers at some other time.For SIR, the childhood cancer outcome for the entire cohort of electrical workers compared with the general population] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||